Turbines are sometimes differentiated on the basis of the type of inlet flow, whether the inlet velocity is in axial direction, radial direction or a combination of both. The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine and it was developed by james b francis. Proceedings of the asme 2008 fluids engineering division summer meeting collocated with the heat transfer, energy sustainability, and 3rd energy nanotechnology conferences. A radial flow hydraulic turbine of reaction type was first developed by an american engineer, james b. Francis turbine is characterized by a fixedblade francis runner that is hydraulically optimized for a narrow operating range. Pdf final report on design and fabrication of 1 kw pico francis. The hydraulic turbines can be classified based on type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the vanes, head available at the. The fluid enters from the penstock to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the runner. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. Cfdbased match design and improving performance for. The kaplan turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit. Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water from ground for irrigation.
Francis turbine is a mixed hydraulic turbine the inlet velocity has radial and tangential components while the kaplan turbine is an axial hydraulic turbinethe inlet velocity has only axial velocity component. The flow enters the turbine in a radial direction, flowing towards its axis, but after striking and interacting with the turbine blades it exits along the direction of that axis. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. Obtained results are more accurate because calculation domain contains all cascade channels and no averaging is applied in circumferential direction. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti. The main idea is to assume steady state uniform conditions. A francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets vanes, usually nine or more.
Design of large francis turbine using optimal methods iopscience. The cfd approach for prediction of efficiency of a 3 mw capacity horizontal axis francis turbine is presented. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing it to spin. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Structural steel carbon steel hsma high strength micro alloy heat treatment steel example. Pdf parametrical and theoretical design of a francis. Most companies would toss worn wicket gates into their bone yards and buy. Le turbine francis vengono classificate in lente, normali e veloci, in funzione del numero di giri caratteristico, come 1da seguente tabella. If the machine transforms mechanical energy into hydraulic energy it. Hydraulic turbines pdf introduction, classification, impulse and reaction turbine, layout of hydroelectric power plant.
Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. Multiobjective shape optimization of runner blade for. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow.
The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Parametrical and theoretical design of a francis turbine runner with the help of computational fluid dynamics conference paper pdf available july 2014 with 5,164 reads how we measure reads. Francis in 1849 developed the radial turbine, named francis turbine. Traditionally, francis turbine has been considered to be a simple and robust machine suitable for exploitation of water energy at a wide range of head, from 30 m up to 750 m. We look at all of the francis turbines main components and use 3d animation to show how it works.
Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines. Its complex parameters cause direct effect on the global parameters which change the. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket gates, and draft tube. His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydropower plants to generate electricity. Like kaplan turbine, the francis is a reaction machine. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide wheel. The francis turbine is the most common water turbine used in today.
Hydraulic turbines are machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Before going into further details, it is important to remind the function of each components of the. A francis turbine consists of the 5 main parts those are. Andritz hydro has more than 175 years of accumulated experience in turbine design and has over 31,000 turbines more than 430,000 mw installed globally. They suffer from constant erosion corrosion when they are not protected properly. This type of turbine is located in the old lowhead installations less than10 m where they are generally in. The francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by the american engineer james b. Francis 181592 and is named after him as the francis turbine. Simulating fluid flow through different turbine components separately is today standard proce dure. The schematic diagram of a francis turbine is shown in fig. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate. Numerical study of sediment erosion analysis in francis.
Francis turbine spiral casing, stay ring and stay vanes materials. Analysis have been performed on one of the francis turbine units to predict the effect of sediment particles concentration, size and shape on erosion rate. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Francis turbine its components, working and application. S erv ices a n d t ra in ing provide technical services and trainings for repair, maintenance and operation of turbines in sediment laden projects. Pelton turbine was developed by lester allan pelton in the year 1870.
Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. The runner of francis turbine have series of curved vanes, these vanes are designed so that water enters into the runner radially and leaves it in axial direction in case of modern francis turbine but in case of old version simple francis turbine water in and out both in radially. The francis turbine was developed by james bichens francis around 1855. The runner is completely enclosed in an airtight spiral casing. Pdf this project is aimed to design and fabricate pico francis turbine components for the 2 kw runner provided by ttl. Its key characteristic is the fact that water changes direction as it passes through the turbine. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. Gradual removal of the base material has changed the profiles of various components of the turbine and also has weaken its structure. The rated head and discharge for the turbine were 48 m and 7. Difference between pelton, francis and kaplan turbines. Pdf erosion wear on francis turbine components due to.
They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m to 2,000 ft and are used primarily for electrical power production. The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates. Guo, pengcheng, luo, xingqi, zheng, xiaobo, and liu, shengzhu. It consists of a circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. The wheel is immersed and operates both the water velocity kinetic energy, that a pressure difference. Development of francis turbine at kathmandu university to. It is most efficient hydro turbine we have till date. This design system is applied to a low head francis turbine runner.
Gas turbine components sgt400 siemens free download as powerpoint presentation. Components of francis turbine the main parts of francis turbine are. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing. Introduction a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Complete francis turbine flow simulation for the whole range of. Gas turbine components sgt400 siemens turbomachinery.
Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. The computational model consists of spiral casing, 18 numbers of stay vanes and guide vanes, runner having numbers of blades and a draft tube. Hydraulic turbomachinery, such as the francis turbine, encounter severe problems in situations where the body of water it is operated from contains abundant sediment. A francis turbine consists of the following main parts. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss both of these have double casings with the exhaust steam circulating in the annular space between the casings as in the case of the high pressure turbine. Cfdbased match design and improving performance for francis turbine components. Losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions francis turbines. The material with which the spiral casing is made depends upon the head. Turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages, applications. The parameters of turbine runner affect the hydraulic performance of turbines.
Pdf design analysis of parts of francis turbine researchgate. Francis turbine components of a typical francis turbine are shown in. Erosion wear on francis turbine components due to sediment. Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that transform the. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. Multiobjective shape optimization of runner blade for kaplan turbine a semenova1, d chirkov2, a lyutov2, s cherny2, v skorospelov3, i pylev1 1 jsc power machines. Frequent inspections are particularly important during the initial period for operation of a new turbine or new runner, as they will enable cavitation damage to be detected at an early stage and remedial measures to be effected before pitting becomes extensive. It is more compact then francis turbine which can run faster and maintains high efficiency. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855. Francis 1815 1892 an english born inventor who developed the turbine in the year 1849. Francis turbine these wicket gates for a francis turbine, used in the hydroelectric industry, direct high flowing water so it hits the blades of the turbine at the most efficient angle. Tu rb i naf c s c s alt oh m grd i ez n lenta 60 100 370 100 0,3 0,4. The pelton, francis and kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to produce electric energy. Fluid flow simulation of the entire francis turbine is desirable when spiral casing has nonuniform distribution of the incoming water or when strong interaction between turbine components exists 3.